ADS-B Mode-S

My tracking of nearby ADSB-out aircraft using my local AWACS server.

Automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast - Mode-S

On January 1, 2020, Federal Regulation 14 CFR § 91.225 requiring ADSB-out to transmit their position information to ATC and other aircraft takes effect. This applies to all aircraft above 10,000 MSL, inside Class A, B, and C airspace, and within 30 NM of a Mode-C airport to the surface. Since the transmission happens at 1090MHz, is vertically polarized, and is receivable within a line of sight, ground stations can pick up signals from aircraft hundreds of nautical miles away flying at high altitude!

• Wikipedia ADSB
• FAA ADSB

Unscientific deployment observation

Being within the KIAH Mode-C ring, all planes are required to have a squawkable transponder for the primary ATC radar. Unfortunately, most of these planes are invisible without the 1090MHz transponder which allows for a MLAT(multi-lateration) calculation with multiple base stations. Sometimes an ADSB-IN aircraft is flying nearby which will activate a ADSB-R (rebroadcast). The traffic within several miles and within 5000' of the aircraft will be rebroadcast meaning that my AWACS system can now see the ground traffic at major airports as well as random signatures for the remainder of the transponder only flights.

• From 2014, about 1/4th or less had position information. Most international airframes and widebody commercial flights are broadcasting. Also noteworthy early adopters are the cargo carriers who fly heavies to KMEM and KSDF every night in a wave around 22:00.
• Mid 2018, 1/3rd to 1/2 of the 1090MHz responses are ADSB-out. Most of the commercial fleet aircraft are using ADSB-out and the regional airlines are beginning to appear in their CRJ7s and EMB135s. NASA has a T-38 with it and I've even spotted an IL-76 and C-17 using ADSB-out on the same day!
• November 2019, there are only a handful of commercial flights missing ADSB but there are still a few barnstormers and helicopters flying around. UAT out traffic is a mixture of planes already on ADSB as well as a few flights at KIWS.
• 2 January, 2020: Only one AIJ flight seen with a large number of messages and mostly in compliance. Weather has been mostly IFR so the small singles are hiding in the hangars. The real thing will be the weekend to see if the banner operators will be in compliance...

Yesterday's Stats

Country summary

Total airframes: 1796

Unassigned icao range: 0

United States: 1666 92.76%

Mexico: 49 2.73%

Canada: 28 1.56%

United States Luftwaffe: 24 1.34%

United Kingdom: 6 0.33%

Netherlands: 3 0.17%

Turkey: 3 0.17%

Panama: 2 0.11%

France: 2 0.11%

Germany: 2 0.11%

Luxembourg: 2 0.11%

Japan: 2 0.11%

Taiwan: 2 0.11%

Qatar: 1 0.06%

Spain: 1 0.06%

Bermuda: 1 0.06%

Bermuda: 1 0.06%

Bermuda: 1 0.06%

Denmark: 1 0.06%

United Arab Emirates: 1 0.06%

New Zealand: 1 0.06%

Airframe summary

Airline flight summary

You only need a few things to get started:

• A RTL-SDR software defined radio
• dump1090 to do the dirty work

My long range setup is using a Raspberry Pi Zero and a ProStickPlus.

To improve the setup:

• Try a Low Noise Amplifier(LNA) and filtered dongle, flightaware - prostick
• You can make some kind of 1090 MHz Antenna, λ=257mm
• Then test the range of the antenna
• Experiment with gain/error correction settings on the SDR
• Move everything off to a Raspberry Pi
• Try to make a shorted quarter-wave (λ/4) stub filter
• Try a sawtooth filter and Low Noise Amplifier(LNA)
• Read some random things I wrote discovering this

ADSB-in

Since it's more expensive to add ADSB-in capability and not required by the FAA many planes don't have this. Fortunately, using almost the same setup as my home AWACS system Stratux can supplement your electronic flight bag. I'm currently using Avare with the external i/o plugin to connect to the homebuilt stratux.

References and Software